Pass 4A0-220 Exam in First Attempt Guaranteed 100% Cover Real Exam Questions [Jan-2024]
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Nokia 4A0-220 exam is designed for professionals who are interested in managing and controlling optical networks using GMPLS technology. 4A0-220 exam tests the candidates’ knowledge and skills in various aspects of GMPLS-controlled optical networks, such as design, implementation, and troubleshooting.
NEW QUESTION # 11
Which of the following information is present in every GMPLS-enabled node?
- A. The bandwidth of each client path in the entire network
- B. The state of each link in the entire network
- C. The list of LSPs created in the entire network
- D. The frequency of each client path in the entire network
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
GMPLS-enabled nodes use routing protocols, such as OSPF-TE or ISIS-TE, to exchange information about the topology and the state of the links in the network12. This information includes the link attributes, such as bandwidth, wavelength, protection, and shared risk link groups (SRLGs)3. The state of each link indicates whether it is up or down, available or reserved, and so on. This information is used by GMPLS-enabled nodes to compute feasible paths for LSPs and to avoid routing loops or conflicts. The bandwidth and the frequency of each client path are not present in every GMPLS-enabled node, but only in the ingress and egress nodes that initiate and terminate the LSPs. The list of LSPs created in the entire network is also not present in every GMPLS-enabled node, but only in the nodes that are involved in the LSPs or that maintain a global view of the network. References:
* 1: GMPLS - Nokia
* 2: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching - Wikipedia
* 3: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 12
What is the function of the OSPF-TE protocol?
- A. To create an MPLS tunnel between two or more end points
- B. To exchange with other nodes data about the state of links
- C. To monitor the availability of the links interconnecting adjacent nodes
- D. To assign different priority to various types of transported signals
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The OSPF-TE protocol is an extension of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol that is used to exchange information about the state of links in a GMPLS network. OSPF-TE advertises link attributes such as bandwidth, latency, priority, protection, or switching capabilities to other nodes in the same area. OSPF-TE enables nodes to build a Traffic Engineering Database (TED) that contains the topology and resource information of the network. OSPF-TE helps nodes to perform CSPF calculations and establish LSPs using RSVP-TE signaling. References : Open Shortest Path First - Wikipedia, Understand Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) - Design Guide, RSVP-TE and OSPF-TE extensions for GMPLS
NEW QUESTION # 13
What is a Nominal Route in a GMPLS network?
- A. The nominal power path
- B. The optimal path that meets TE constraints
- C. The least cost path according to the routing protocol
- D. The best possible path at the moment
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
A Nominal Route in a GMPLS network is the optimal path that meets the Traffic Engineering (TE) constraints for a given LSP request. A Nominal Route is calculated by the NFM-T using the Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF) algorithm, which takes into account parameters such as bandwidth, latency, priority, protection type, and other QoS attributes. A Nominal Route is stored in the NFM-T database and can be used to provision LSPs over the network. A Nominal Route can differ from the Current Route, which is the actual path that the LSP is taking at a given time, due to network changes or failures. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, Nokia Advanced Optical Network Management with NFM-T Course | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 14
What is Tunnel Property Heritage?
- A. Maximum allowed bandwith is propagated from HO to LO LSPs.
- B. A restored tunnel inherits the ODUk flows.
- C. Cost, SRLG, and Color properties are propagated from HO to LO LSPs.
- D. The hierarchy tunnels cannot be nested unless they share the same properties.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
Tunnel Property Heritage is a feature of GMRE that allows the propagation of certain properties from higher order (HO) LSPs to lower order (LO) LSPs in a multi-layer network. These properties include cost, SRLG, and color. Cost is a metric that reflects the preference of using a certain link or path for routing. SRLG is a set of links that share a common risk of failure. Color is an attribute that can be used to group or filter LSPs based on service classes or customer profiles. By propagating these properties from HO to LO LSPs, GMRE can ensure that the end-to-end LSPs are consistent and optimal across different layers34. References:
* 3: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 4: GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 15
What is the purpose of preemption when establishing an LSP?
- A. To pick the next hop during LSP signalling
- B. To measure the end-to-end latency
- C. To assign the correct wavelengths depending on the type of traffic
- D. To tear down an existing LSP in order to accommodate higher priority traffic
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Preemption is a mechanism that allows a higher priority LSP to tear down an existing lower priority LSP in order to obtain the required resources for its establishment. Preemption can occur when there is not enough bandwidth or other resources available on a link or node to accommodate a new LSP request. In this case, the node can select one or more lower priority LSPs that are using the resources and send them a PathErr message with a Preempt error code. This causes the lower priority LSPs to beterminated and release their resources. The node can then allocate the resources to the higher priority LSP and send a Resv message to confirm its reservation34. References:
* 3: RFC 4829: Label Switched Path (LSP) Preemption Policies for MPLS Traffic Engineering4
* 4: MPLS Applications User Guide | Juniper Networks5
NEW QUESTION # 16
How are L0 and L1 resources coordinated in case of a failure in an MRN?
- A. Coordination is achieved by comparing the Setup Priorities
- B. Coordination is achieved by setting the WSR parameter
- C. Coordination is achieved by segregation of color and colorless LSPs
- D. Coordination is achieved by setting the color constraints
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Coordination of L0 and L1 resources in case of a failure in an MRN is achieved by setting the color constraints. Color constraints are used to specify which wavelengths or timeslots can be used by a given LSP request. By setting the color constraints, the NFM-T can ensure that the L0 and L1 resources are compatible and consistent across the network. For example, if an L0 LSP request requires a specific wavelength, the NFM-T can set the color constraint to match that wavelength and assign it to the L0 LSP. Similarly, if an L1 LSP request requires a specific timeslot, the NFM-T can set the color constraint to match that timeslot and assign it to the L1 LSP. This way, the coordination of L0 and L1 resources is achieved by ensuring that the same color is used by both layers. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, 3.
GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 17
What is the GMRE notify address?
- A. The OSPF-TE broadcast IP used to flood the link adjacency information
- B. The LMP Control Channel ID. This field contains the IPv4 address of the ingress LER as a global unique identifier
- C. The email exchange server to notify the operators of network failures
- D. An IP address used to signal failures on downstream nodes upstream to the head node
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The GMRE notify address is an IP address used to signal failures on downstream nodes upstream to the head node. The GMRE notify address is configured on each GMRE node and is used to send a Notify message to the head node when a failure occurs on a link or node alongthe LSP. The Notify message contains the failure information and the LSP ID. The head node can then initiate a restoration process based on the Notify message. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 18
What does the SNC state with an uppercase "N" mean in a resource in NFM-T?
- A. Indicates it's using a link other than the Nominal
- B. Indicates the nominal resource on a TE-link that is not in use
- C. Indicates if s a higher alarm state level
- D. Indicates it's currently using the Nominal resource assigned to it
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The SNC state with an uppercase "N" means that the resource is currently using the nominal resource assigned to it. As explained in the previous question, a nominal resource is the default or preferred resource that is assigned to an LSP when it is created. If an LSP is using the nominal resource on a TE-link, it means that the LSP has not been rerouted or switched due to any failure or constraint violation. In this case, the SNC state of the resource will be "N", indicating that it is in use by an LSP12. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: Nokia Network Functions Manager for Transport User Guide | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 19
What is the meaning of Generalized in GMPLS?
- A. The label can assume an extended value range, and is not constrained as it is with MPLS
- B. Switching can be based on values other than the label
- C. GMPLS can be used for traffic types other than data packets
- D. Unlike MPLS, GMPLS supports multi-vendor networks
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
GMPLS stands for Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching, which is a protocol suite that extends MPLS to control different types of switching technologies, such as optical, TDM, and packet switching1. The meaning of Generalized in GMPLS is that it can be used for traffic types other than data packets, such as wavelengths, time slots, or fibers2. GMPLS can also use implicit labels that are derived from the physical properties of the data stream, such as wavelength or timeslot, instead of explicit labels that are carried in the packet header3. This allows GMPLS to support various transport networks and applications, such as optical transport networks (OTN), wavelength switched optical networks (WSON), and automatic switched optical networks (ASON)4. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: What is MPLS and GMPLS? - Metaswitch
* 3: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching - Wikipedia
* 4: GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 20
Which of the following best describes the Shutting Down state in the NFM-T?
- A. It is the same as the administrative maintenance state. No new traffic can be routed over the TE-Unk
- B. An automatic shut down of all LSPs in the TE-link
- C. A transient state where current SNCs are soft-rerouted
- D. A soft maintenance state where new traffic is allowed for restoration
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The Shutting Down state is a transient state that occurs when a TE-link is set to maintenance mode in the NFM-T. In this state, the TE-link is not available for routing new LSPs, but the existing LSPs (SNCs) that use the TE-link are not immediately terminated. Instead, they are soft-rerouted, which means that they are gracefully switched to alternative paths without disrupting the traffic. The Shutting Down state lasts until all the SNCs on the TE-link are successfully soft-rerouted or forcefully terminated. After that, the TE-link transitions to the Administrative Maintenance state, where no traffic can be routed over the TE-link12.
References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: Nokia Network Functions Manager for Transport User Guide | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 21
Which of the following is not a key feature of GMPLS?
- A. Fast protection
- B. Resource optimization
- C. Restoration
- D. Self-discovery
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
GMPLS is a protocol suite that extends the MPLS signaling and routing capabilities to control different types of switching technologies, such as optical, TDM, and packet switching1. GMPLS has several key features, such as self-discovery, fast protection, and restoration. Self-discovery allows GMPLS nodes to automatically discover their neighbors and exchange information about their capabilities and resources2. Fast protection enables GMPLS nodes to quickly switch to backup paths in case of a failure, without relying on the control plane3. Restoration allows GMPLS nodes to dynamically establish new paths in the network after a failure, using the control plane3. Resource optimization is not a key feature of GMPLS, but rather a potential benefit of using GMPLS to efficiently utilize the network resources and avoid over-provisioning. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: GMPLS - Nokia
* 3: Traffic survivability through Protection and Restoration Combined (PRC) - YouTube
* [4]: GMPLS: Architecture and Applications - Google Books
NEW QUESTION # 22
What is the Commissioning File in GMRE nodes?
- A. A control checklist for the operator
- B. A file with target values that determine whether a given LSP is possible
- C. A file of optical impairment parameters for power balance
- D. A file with commissioned GMRE nodes for NPA implementation
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The Commissioning File in GMRE nodes is a file with target values that determine whether a given LSP is possible. The Commissioning File contains parameters such as power, OSNR, Q-factor, and dispersion that are used to evaluate the feasibility of an LSP request. The Commissioning File is generated by the Network Planning Application (NPA) based on the network design and optical impairments. The Commissioning File is uploaded to each GMRE node and is used by the CSPF algorithm to find a suitable path for the LSP. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, Network Planning Application (NPA) | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 23
Automation is one of the key features of GMPLS. What is its main benefit?
- A. Reducing CAPEX
- B. Supporting multi-vendor networks
- C. Providing resilience against multiple failures
- D. Reducing OPEX
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Automation is one of the key features of GMPLS that allows dynamic provisioning of optical transport connections between IP routers and optical network elements2. Automation reduces the operational time and administrative overhead required to provision new connectivity, which in turn reduces the operational expenditure (OPEX) of the network. Reducing CAPEX, providing resilience against multiple failures, and supporting multi-vendor networks are not direct benefits of automation, but rather possible outcomes of using GMPLS in general. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: GMPLS - Nokia
* 3: Traffic survivability through Protection and Restoration Combined (PRC) - YouTube
* [4]: GMPLS: Architecture and Applications - Google Books
NEW QUESTION # 24
A network with ROADM GMPLS nodes and optical transponder connections could have:
- A. L1 restoration capabilities
- B. No restoration capabilities
- C. L0 and LI restoration capabilities
- D. L0 restoration capabilities
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
A network with ROADM GMPLS nodes and optical transponder connections could have both L0 and L1 restoration capabilities. L0 restoration refers to the ability of the network to recover from failures at the optical layer, such as fiber cuts or node failures, by rerouting the affected LSPs to alternative paths at the same layer.
L0 restoration can be achieved by using GMPLS signaling protocols, such as RSVP-TE or CR-LDP, to establish backup LSPs in advance or on demand. L0 restoration can provide fast recovery times and high availability for optical services34. L1 restoration refers to the ability of the network to recover from failures at the sub-wavelength layer, such as transponder failures or wavelength unavailability, by rerouting the affected LSPs to alternative paths at a higher layer. L1 restoration can be achieved by using GMPLS routing protocols, such as OSPF-TE or ISIS-TE, to advertise the sub-wavelength information and availability to other nodes in the network. L1 restoration can provide more flexibility and efficiency for sub-wavelength services56.
References:
* 3: GMPLS - Nokia
* 4: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching - Wikipedia
* 5: Sub-Wavelength Switching - Nokia
* 6: Sub-Wavelength Switching in Optical Networks - IEEE Xplore
NEW QUESTION # 25
How is the GMRE functionality guaranteed in Nokia equipment?
- A. Redundant LAN cables guarantee GMRE functionality
- B. Rack redundancy guarantees GMRE functionality in case of a power outage
- C. The specific software configuration guarantees GMRE functionality
- D. Controller redundancy guarantees GMRE functionality
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The GMRE functionality is guaranteed in Nokia equipment by controller redundancy. The controller is the hardware component that runs the GMPLS software and controls the switching fabric of the node. Each node has two controllers, one active and one standby, that synchronize their states and databases. If the active controller fails, the standby controller takes over and ensures the continuity of the GMRE functionality. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, 1830 Photonic Service Switch (PSS) | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 26
What does Test Mode do in an SNC?
- A. The LSP will not be restored and will behave like an unprotected service
- B. It initiates the LMP link verification by sending Test Messages
- C. It clears the ASONTOPO alarms
- D. Source nodes of affected client services will not be notified in case of failure
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
Test Mode is a feature of the Link Management Protocol (LMP) that allows testing the connectivity and functionality of a link or a TE-link. Test Mode can be initiated by either end of a link or a TE-link by sending a Test Message with a Test ID and a Test Pattern. The Test Message is sent over the control channel of the link or the TE-link and contains information such as the source and destination IP addresses, the link ID, and the test parameters. The receiving node then verifies the Test Message and sends back a TestStatusAck message with the same Test ID and Test Pattern. The TestStatusAck message indicates whether the test was successful or not, and if not, what was the reason for failure. Test Mode can be used to check if a link or a TE-link is operational, if it has any errors or faults, or if it supports certain features or capabilities. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, RFC 4204 - Link Management Protocol (LMP)
NEW QUESTION # 27
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Nokia is a leading player in the telecommunications industry and has a reputation for innovation and excellence. The company's GMPLS-controlled optical networks are widely used by service providers and enterprises around the world. By passing the Nokia 4A0-220 exam, individuals can demonstrate their proficiency in working with Nokia equipment and their ability to design and manage complex optical networks.
Nokia 4A0-220 Certification Exam is designed for professionals who want to validate their skills and knowledge in managing GMPLS-controlled optical networks. Nokia has established this certification to help professionals improve their expertise in this field and demonstrate their proficiency to employers, clients, and colleagues.
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